BP6 - Increase infiltration and/or groundwater recharge

Rain gardens are defined as small-scale vegetated gardens used for storage and infiltration. The term ‘rain garden’ is often used interchangeably with ‘bioretention area’ (although the latter could also be applied more loosely to other measures such as filter strips or swales). 

Permeable paving is designed to allow rainwater to infiltrate through the surface, either into underlying layers (soils and aquifers), or be stored below ground and released at a controlled rate to surface water. Permeable paving is used as a general term, but two types can be distinguished:

-       Porous pavements, where water is infiltrated across the entire surface (e.g. reinforced grass or gravel, or...

Swales are broad, shallow, linear vegetated channels which can store or convey surface water (reducing the rate and volume of runoff) and remove pollutants. They can be used as conveyance features to pass the runoff to the next stage of the SuDS treatment train and can be designed to promote infiltration where soil and groundwater conditions...

According to the Convention on Wetlands (1971), a wetland is an area of marsh, fen, peatland or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water the depth of which at low tide does not exceed six metres. 

Wetlands play a crucial role in regulating the global climate and are natural biofilters for pollutant removal, nutrient...

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types, species, or families of crops in the same area in sequential seasons. Judiciously applied (i.e. selecting a suitable crop) crop rotation can improve soil structure and fertility by alternating deep-rooted and shallow-rooted plants. In turn, this enhances the soil’s sponge-like behaviour by improving structural properties, fostering root-driven...

More than 30% of agricultural areas in the EU – some 50 million hectares – is covered by permanent grasslands. Meadows are areas or fields whose main vegetation is grass, or other non-woody plants, used for mowing and haying.  Pastures are grassed or wooded areas, moorland or heathland, generally used for grazing. Due to their rooted soils and their permanent cover, meadows and pastures create ideal conditions for water uptake and...

Green cover, cover crops or catch crops refers to crops planted in late summer or autumn, usually on arable land, to protect the soil, which would otherwise lie bare during the winter, against wind and water erosion.  Green cover crops also improve the structure of the soil, diversify the cropping system, and mitigate the loss of soluble nutrients. Green cover crops are good...

The optimal sowing date is one of the most important and cost-effective field management practices that affect crop development, nutrient uptake, grain yield, technical quality, and nutritional value. Although it does not require additional inputs, adjusting the sowing date can serve as an efficient and affordable strategy to improve yields under different climatic conditions.

Early sowing refers to sowing up to six weeks before the...

Basins are areas for storage of surface runoff that are free from water under dry weather flow conditions.  Basins are bodies of water designed to store surface runoff. They play a critical role in stormwater management by reducing flood risk and improving water quality. The performance of basins is highly site-dependent and often requires upstream source control to function effectively. There are three main types of basins: retention,...

Buffer strips and hedges are natural or semi-natural vegetated features integrated into agricultural and semi-urban landscapes to enhance ecological and hydrological functions.

Buffer strips are areas of natural vegetation cover (grass, bushes or trees) at the margin of fields, arable land, transport infrastructures and water courses. They can feature various combinations of vegetation, from simple grass to mixtures of grass, trees,...